Catheter electrode assemblies and methods of construction thereof

ABSTRACT

A family of catheter electrode assemblies includes a flexible circuit having a plurality of electrical traces and a substrate; a ring electrode surrounding the flexible circuit and electrically coupled with at least one of the plurality of electrical traces; and an outer covering extending over at least a portion of the electrode. A non-contact electrode mapping catheter includes an outer tubing having a longitudinal axis, a deployment member, and a plurality of splines, at least one of the plurality of splines comprising a flexible circuit including a plurality of electrical traces and a substrate, a ring electrode surrounding the flexible circuit and electrically coupled with at least one of the plurality of electrical traces; and an outer covering extending over at least a portion of the ring electrode. A method of constructing the family of catheter electrode assemblies is also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/248,441, filed 15 Jan. 2019 (the '441 application), which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/601,777, filed 22 May 2017(the '777 application), now U.S. Pat. No. 10,219,861, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/712,694, filed 14 May 2015(the '694 application), now U.S. Pat. No. 9,687,297, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/038,078, filed 26 Sep. 2013(the '078 application), now U.S. Pat. No. 9,037,264, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/958,992, filed 2 Dec. 2010(the '992 application), now U.S. Pat. No. 8,560,086. The '441application, the '777 application, the '694 application, '078application, and the '992 application are each hereby incorporated byreference as though fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION a. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the design and manufacture of a family ofcatheter electrode assemblies for use in cardiac procedures.

b. Background Art

Electrophysiology catheters are used in a variety of diagnostic and/ortherapeutic medical procedures to diagnose and/or correct conditionssuch as atrial arrhythmias, including for example, ectopic atrialtachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Arrhythmias cancreate a variety of conditions including irregular heart rates, loss ofsynchronous atrioventricular contractions and stasis of blood flow in achamber of a heart which can lead to a variety of symptomatic andasymptomatic ailments and even death.

A medical procedure in which an electrophysiology catheter is usedincludes a first diagnostic catheter deployed through a patient'svasculature to a patient's heart or a chamber or vein thereof. Anelectrophysiology catheter that carries one or more electrodes can beused for cardiac mapping or diagnosis, ablation and/or other therapydelivery modes or both. Once at the intended site, treatment may includeradio frequency (RF) ablation, cryoablation, laser ablation, chemicalablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound-based ablation, microwaveablation, etc. An electrophysiology catheter imparts ablative energy tocardiac tissue to create one or more lesions in the cardiac tissue andoftentimes a contiguous or linear and transmural lesion. This lesiondisrupts undesirable cardiac activation pathways and thereby limits,corrals, or prevents stray errant conduction signals that can form thebasis for arrhythmias. As readily apparent, such diagnosis and therapydelivery requires precise control of the electrophysiology catheterduring manipulation to, from, and at a target tissue site for diagnosticand therapy delivery. Diagnostic maps of activation wavefronts andectopic foci and various pathological and non-pathological conductionpathways can be stored and available to later access during therapydelivery.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It can be desirable for the catheter electrode assembly to besufficiently flexible so as to be delivered to the areas or volumes oftarget tissue(s) of interest within a patient's body. It is alsodesirable to increase the available surface area of at least oneelectrode on the catheter electrode assembly and to ensure that at leastone electrode on the catheter electrode assembly is configured to facein a preferred direction (i.e., toward cardiac target tissue in the caseof so-called contact therapy delivery and diagnostic catheters and awayfrom such target tissue in the case of so-called non-contact mappingcatheters).

According to this disclosure a catheter electrode assembly includes aflexible circuit having a plurality of electrical traces and asubstrate; a ring electrode surrounding the flexible circuit andelectrically coupled with at least one of the plurality of electricaltraces; and an outer covering extending over at least a portion of theelectrode. In an embodiment, a portion of the outer covering can beremoved to expose at least a portion of the electrode. The electrode mayconnect with the electrical trace via an electrical pad on the flexiblecircuit. The catheter electrode assembly may further include a linertube extending within at least a portion of the electrode.

In an embodiment, the catheter electrode assembly may further include asupport member, such as a Nitinol member or more complex spine, and/or aradio opaque marker disposed within a portion of the liner tube.

The catheter electrode assembly may include a plurality of ringelectrodes disposed along the length of the flexible circuit. Each ringelectrode may surround the flexible circuit and can be electricallycoupled with at least one of the plurality of electrical traces.

One type of electrophysiology catheter may comprise a non-contactelectrode mapping catheter. The non-contact electrode mapping cathetermay comprise a basket catheter including an outer tubing having alongitudinal axis, a deployment member, and a plurality of splines. Eachspline may comprise a catheter electrode assembly. The catheterelectrode assembly may include a flexible circuit having a plurality ofelectrical traces and a substrate. It can be desirable to fullyencapsulate the flexible circuit to protect the flexible circuit, whilestill allowing a portion of an electrode that is electrically connectedto the flexible circuit to be exposed. The catheter electrode assemblymay further comprise a ring electrode surrounding the flexible circuitand electrically coupled with at least one of the plurality ofelectrical traces; and an outer covering extending over at least aportion of the ring electrode.

A method of constructing a catheter electrode assembly may include thesteps of connecting an electrode to a flexible circuit; placing theflexible circuit and the electrode over a liner tube; placing an outercovering over at least a portion of the electrode, at least a portion ofthe flexible circuit, and at least a portion of the liner tube; andbonding at least a portion of the outer covering to at least a portionof the liner tube.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a system for performing one morediagnostic and/or therapeutic functions in association with cardiactissue.

FIG. 2 is a side view of a catheter design employing a flexible circuitcoupled with a plurality of electrodes.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the catheter of FIG. 2, taken alongline 3-3.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the top-side of a flex circuit electrodeassembly.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the bottom-side the flex circuitelectrode assembly of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a noncontact electrode basket catheter ina collapsed configuration.

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of the noncontact electrode basket catheterof FIG. 6, shown in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a plurality of catheter splines coupledwith an attachment ring.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram generally representing an exemplary method ofconstructing a catheter electrode assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are usedto identify identical components in the various views, FIG. 1illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a system 10 for performing onemore diagnostic and/or therapeutic functions in association with theheart or cardiac tissue 12 within a human body 14. It should beunderstood, however, that the system 10 may find application inconnection with the ablation of a variety of other tissues within humanand non-human bodies.

The system 10 may include a medical device (such as, for example, anelectrophysiology catheter 16) an ablation system 18, and/or a system 20for the visualization, navigation, and/or mapping of internal bodystructures. The system 20 may include, for example and withoutlimitation, an electronic control unit (ECU) 22 and a display device 24.Alternatively, the ECU 22 and/or the display 24 maybe separate anddistinct from, but electrically connected to and configured forcommunication with, the system 20.

With continued reference to FIG. 1, the catheter 16 can be provided forexamination, diagnosis, and/or treatment of internal body tissues suchas the tissue 12. In an exemplary embodiment, the electrophysiologycatheter 16 comprises a diagnostic catheter, such as a non-contactelectrical mapping catheter that may include a plurality of electrodesconfigured to monitor one or more electrical signals transmittedthroughout the adjacent tissue 12. For example, electrophysiologycatheter 16 may comprise a non-contact electrode basket catheter. Thebasket catheter may comprise outer tubing, a deployment member, and aplurality of splines. The non-contact electrode basket catheter can beirrigated in an embodiment such that the catheter 16 may furthercomprise an inner fluid delivery tubing that may include at least onefluid delivery port (e.g., within and/or at the junction of splines orat the splines themselves of the basket catheter). In the exemplaryembodiment wherein the catheter 16 is an irrigated catheter, thecatheter 16 can be connected to a fluid source 26 providing abiocompatible fluid such as saline, or a medicament, through a pump 28(which may comprise, for example, a fixed rate roller pump or variablevolume syringe pump with a gravity feed supply from the fluid source 26,as shown) for irrigation. It should be understood, however, thatcatheter 16 is not limited to a non-contact electrical mapping catheter(e.g., non-contact electrode basket catheter) and is not limited to anirrigated catheter. Rather, in other embodiments, the catheter 16 maycomprise an ablation catheter (e.g., radio frequency (RF), cryoablation,ultrasound, etc.) with or without fluid delivery through the catheter.

In an exemplary embodiment where the catheter comprises an ablationcatheter, the catheter 16 is electrically connected to the ablationsystem 18 to allow for the delivery of ablative energy, or the like. Thecatheter 16 may include a cable connector or interface 30, a handle 32,a shaft 34 having a proximal end 36 and a distal end 38, and one or moreelectrodes 40, 42 mounted in or on the shaft 34 of the distal portion ofcatheter 16. In an exemplary embodiment, the electrodes 40, 42 aredisposed at or near the distal end portion 38 of the shaft 34, with theelectrode(s) 40 comprising an ablation electrode disposed at the extremedistal end portion 38 of the shaft 34 (i.e., tip electrode 40), and theelectrode(s) 42 comprising a positioning electrode used, for example,with the visualization, navigation, and mapping system 20. Positioningelectrode(s) 42 can be configured to provide a signal indicative of botha position and orientation of at least a portion of the catheter 16. Thecatheter 16 may further include other conventional components such as,for example and without limitation, a temperature sensor (or sensors)44, additional electrodes, and corresponding conductors.

The connector 30 provides mechanical, fluid, and electricalconnection(s) for cables 46, 48, 50 extending from the pump 28, theablation system 18, and the visualization, navigation, and/or mappingsystem 20. The connector 30 is conventional in the art and is disposedat the proximal end 36 of the catheter 16.

The handle 32 provides a location for the clinician to hold the catheter16 and may further provide means for steering or guiding the shaft 34within the body 14 as known in the art. Catheter handles 32 aregenerally conventional in the art and it will be understood that theconstruction of the handle 32 may vary. In an embodiment, for thepurpose of steering the shaft 34 within the body 14, the handle 32 canbe substituted by a controllable robotic actuator.

The shaft 34 is an elongate, tubular, flexible member configured formovement within the body 14. The shaft 34 supports, for example andwithout limitation, one or more electrodes (e.g., electrodes 40, 42),associated conductors, and possibly additional electronics used forsignal processing, visualization, localization, and/or conditioning. Theshaft 34 may also permit transport, delivery and/or removal of fluids(including irrigation fluids, medicaments, and bodily fluids, etc.),medicines, and/or surgical tools or instruments. The shaft 34 caninclude one or more lumens configured to house and/or transportelectrical conductors, fluids, or surgical tools. The shaft 34 can beintroduced into a blood vessel or other structure within the body 14through a conventional introducer. The shaft 34 is then steered orguided through the body 14 to a desired location such as the tissue 12with pullwires, tension elements, so-called push elements, or othermeans known in the art.

As generally illustrated in FIG. 1, an ablation system 18 can becomprised of, for example, an ablation generator 52 and one or moreablation patch electrodes 54. The ablation generator 52 generates,delivers, and controls ablation energy (e.g., RF) output by the ablationcatheter 16 and the tip electrode 40 thereof, in particular. Thegenerator 52 is conventional in the art and may comprise a commerciallyavailable unit sold under the model number IBI-1500T RF Cardiac AblationGenerator, available from St. Jude Medical, Inc. In an exemplaryembodiment, the generator 52 may include an RF ablation signal source 56configured to generate an ablation signal that is output across a pairof source connectors: a positive polarity connector SOURCE (+), whichelectrically connects to the tip electrode 40 of the catheter 16; and anegative polarity connector SOURCE (−), can be electrically connected toone or more of the patch electrodes 54. It should be understood that theterm connectors as used herein does not imply a particular type ofphysical interface mechanism, but is rather broadly contemplated torepresent one or more electrical nodes (including multiplexed andde-multiplexed nodes). The source 56 is configured to generate a signalat a predetermined frequency in accordance with one or more userspecified control parameters (e.g., power, time, etc.) and under thecontrol of various feedback sensing and control circuitry. The source 56may generate a signal, for example, with a frequency of about 450 kHz orgreater for RF energy. The generator 52 may also monitor variousparameters associated with the ablation procedure including, forexample, impedance, the temperature at the distal tip of the catheter,applied ablation energy, power, force, proximity, and the position ofthe catheter, and provide feedback to the clinician or another componentwithin the system 10 regarding these parameters.

The visualization, navigation, and/or mapping system 20 with which thepositioning electrode 42 can be used may comprise an electricfield-based system, such as, for example, that having the model nameENSITE NAVX (aka EnSite Classic as well as newer versions of the EnSitesystem, denoted as ENSITE VELOCITY) and commercially available from St.Jude Medical, Inc. and as generally shown with reference to U.S. Pat.No. 7,263,397 titled “Method and Apparatus for Catheter Navigation andLocation and Mapping in the Heart,” the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference. In accordance with an electricfield-based system, the positioning electrode(s) 42 can be configured tobe responsive to an electric field transmitted within the body of thepatient. The positioning electrode(s) 42 can be used to sense animpedance at a particular location and transmit a representative signalto an external computer or processor. The positioning electrode(s) 42may comprise one or more ring electrodes in an electric field-basedsystem. In other exemplary embodiments, however, the visualization,navigation, and/or mapping system may comprise other types of systems,such as, for example and without limitation: a magnetic field-basedsystem such as the CARTO System (now in a hybrid form with impedance-and magnetically-driven electrodes) available from Biosense Webster, andas generally shown with reference to one or more of U.S. Pat. No.6,498,944 entitled “Intrabody Measurement,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,788,967entitled “Medical Diagnosis, Treatment and Imaging Systems,” and U.S.Pat. No. 6,690,963 entitled “System and Method for Determining theLocation and Orientation of an Invasive Medical Instrument,” the entiredisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, or the gMPSsystem from MediGuide Ltd. of Haifa, Israel (now owned by St. JudeMedical, Inc.), and as generally shown with reference to one or more ofU.S. Pat. No. 6,233,476 entitled “Medical Positioning System,” U.S. Pat.No. 7,197,354 entitled “System for Determining the Position andOrientation of a Catheter,” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,386,339 entitled“Medical Imaging and Navigation System,” the entire disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference. In accordance with a magneticfield-based system, the positioning electrode(s) 42 can be configured tobe responsive to a magnetic field transmitted through the body of thepatient. The positioning electrode(s) 42 can be used to sense thestrength of the field at a particular location and transmit arepresentative signal to an external computer or processor. Thepositioning electrode(s) 42 may comprise one or more metallic coilslocated on or within the catheter 16 in a magnetic field-based system.As noted above, a combination electric field-based and magneticfield-based system such as the CARTO 3 System also available fromBiosense Webster, and as generally shown with reference to U.S. Pat. No.7,536,218 entitled “Hybrid Magnetic-Based and Impedance-Based PositionSensing,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference, can be used. In accordance with a combination electricfield-based and magnetic field-based system, the positioning electrodes42 may comprise both one or more impedance-based electrodes and one ormore magnetic coils. Commonly available fluoroscopic, computedtomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based systems canalso be used.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the construction of an embodiment of a distalportion of a catheter 60, which can be similar to the distal portion 38of catheter 16 generally illustrated in FIG. 1. The catheter 60 includesa shaft 66 having a proximal end and a distal end. The shaft 66 has alongitudinal axis 67. The catheter 60 may include catheter electrodeassembly. The catheter electrode assembly may include a flexible circuit68 that includes a longitudinal axis 69 and a plurality of electricaltraces (e.g., traces 70 a, 70 b, 70 c, 70 d), embedded within aninsulating substrate 72. Furthermore, the flexible circuit 68 mayinclude one or more electrical pads that provide for an electricalconnection with at least one of the plurality of electrical traces(e.g., traces 70 a, 70 b, 70 c, 70 d) through the substrate 72. Forexample, as generally illustrated in FIG. 2, electrical trace 70 a mayinclude a distally located pad 74 that can be configured to electricallycouple the trace 70 a with the distal electrode 62. Additionally, aproximally located pad 76 may allow a wire lead, connector, or otherelectrical component to couple with the trace 70 a, and thereby be inelectrical communication with an electrode (e.g., electrode 62). Therecan be a corresponding distally located pad 74 for each proximallylocated pad 76. The distally located pads 74 can be substantiallyequally spaced along the longitudinal axis 69 of the flexible circuit68. In an embodiment, anisotropic conductive film (ACF) technology canbe used to make mass electrical terminations and electrical connectionswith respect to the flexible circuit 68.

In an embodiment, the flexible circuit 68 can be a multi-layered circuitthat provides for multiple electrical traces to be stacked or held in amatrix-type arrangement. In this respect, a flexible circuit can becomprised of a material that is capable of withstanding a high degree ofelastic deformation without being prone to fracture or plasticdeformation. Exemplary flexible substrates may include, withoutlimitation, flexible plastics, such as polyimide or polyetheretherketone(PEEK) films, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate materials and/or acombination thereof. Other flexible and/or elastic circuit technologiescan be used.

In an embodiment, the thickness of an embedded trace can be varied basedon the function the trace is designed to perform. For example, if thetrace is intended to deliver ablative energy to the electrode, it mayhave a thicker profile to accommodate a greater current throughput.Likewise if the trace is configured to return a lower-current sensorysignal, it may have a narrower profile. Conversely, in an embodiment,all traces may have the same cross sectional profile, however, multipletraces can be joined in parallel to accommodate greater currents.

The catheter electrode assembly may further include at least oneelectrode (e.g., electrode 62). The catheter electrode assembly mayinclude a plurality of electrodes (e.g., electrodes 62, 64) that can bedisposed along the longitudinal axis 67 of the shaft 66. In anembodiment, each electrode may comprise an electrically conductivematerial that can be generally resistant to corrosion. An exemplaryelectrode can be constructed from, for example, platinum, however otherconductive materials known in the art may similarly be used. Asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3, the electrode 62 can be adjacentlysituated to the flexible circuit 68 in such manner as to permitelectrical coupling with one or more of the electrical traces (e.g.,traces 70 a, 70 b, 70 c, 70 d) through distally located electrical pads74. In an embodiment, the electrode 62 can be a ring electrodesurrounding or encircling the flexible circuit 68 and associatedelectrical pad 74. The electrode 62 can be mechanically fastened to theflexible circuit 68 in a manner that prevents relative movement duringassembly and use. Exemplary fastening techniques may includemechanically crimping the electrode 62 to the flexible circuit 68,affixing the electrode 62 to the pad 74, and/or encapsulating theelements in a common tubing. Additionally, or via the mechanicalfastening, the electrode 62 can be electrically coupled to the pad 74.The electrodes 62, 64 can be substantially equally spaced along thelongitudinal axis 69 of the flexible circuit 68. Although the distallylocated pads 74 and electrodes 62, 64 are described as beingsubstantially equally spaced along the longitudinal axis 69 of theflexible circuit 68 in an embodiment, the distally located pads 74 andelectrodes 62, 64 may not be substantially equally spaced along thelongitudinal axis 69 of the flexible circuit 68 in other embodiments.Techniques for electrically coupling the electrode 62 are know in theart, and may include, for example, laser welding, ultrasonic welding, orcold soldering. FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate top and bottom perspectiveviews of an exemplary flexible circuit 80 having a plurality of affixedelectrodes 82, 84, and 86. The electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86 can begenerally D-shaped or hemi-cylindrical in accordance with an embodiment.Such D-shaped or hemi-cylindrical electrodes can be purchased and/or canbe formed using an appropriately shaped crimping tool. While FIGS. 3-5illustrate a generally “D” shaped or hemi-cylindrical electrode ring, inother embodiments, the electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86 may resembledifferent geometries, such as having a circular appearance, or having ageneral kidney bean shape (e.g., having a regular and/or irregularcross-sectional shape(s)).

Referring again to FIG. 3, the catheter electrode assembly can furtherinclude a liner tube 88 extending within the electrode 62 or electrodes62, 64. The liner tube 88 can be a hollow tube that provides apassageway or lumen for support elements, guide elements, fluids, orother known catheter components to extend through, yet be electricallyisolated from electrodes 62, 64. In an embodiment, the liner tube 88 canbe constructed from a material such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),which is commonly sold by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company underthe trade name Teflon®. In an embodiment where multiple electrodes 62,64 or 82, 84, 86 are provided on a single flexible circuit 68 or 80 (asgenerally illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 and 5), a single liner tube 88may extend along the entire flexible circuit 68, 80 and within eachelectrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86. In an embodiment, prior to applying theouter covering 90, a portion or all of the liner tube 88 can be etchedthrough a chemical or laser etching process in a manner that may promotebonding with the outer covering 90.

During assembly, the liner tube 88 may first be placed over a temporary,appropriately shaped solid or hollow mandrel (not shown). The liner tube88 and associated mandrel may then be slid along the length of theflexible circuit 68, 80, and within one or more of the affixedelectrodes 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86. The mandrel aids in grasping and/ormanipulating the catheter during assembly, and may further providephysical support for the catheter during this same period. Once thecatheter assembly is complete, the temporary mandrel can be removed fromthe device.

The catheter electrode assembly can further include an outer covering 90that forms a portion of the outer shell of the catheter 60. The outercovering 90 may comprise a polymer. In an embodiment, the outer covering90 comprises a thin-walled heat shrinkable tubing that may extend overthe flexible circuit 68 or 80, electrodes 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86, and aportion of the liner tube 88. The heat shrinkable tubing may comprisemultiple layers in an embodiment. In an assembly incorporating heatshrinkable tubing as an outer covering 90, the assembly may desirably beheated to allow the outer tubing 90 to shrink and recover itspre-expanded shape. In another embodiment, the outer covering 90 can beapplied by dip coating the flexible circuit 68 or 80, electrodes 62, 64or 82, 84, 86, and liner tube 88 assembly in a polymeric dispersioncoating process.

In still a further embodiment, the outer covering 90 can be formed byplacing the flexible circuit 68 or 80, electrodes 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86,and liner tube 88 assembly into a thin-walled, low durometer, reflowablepolymeric material. The reflowable polymeric material can comprise, forexample, polyether block amides such as those sold under the trademarkPEBAX® and generally available from Arkema France. In an assemblyincorporating a reflowable polymer, an additional, temporaryflouropolymer (FEP) heat shrinkable tube can be placed over the assemblyand heated during the reflow process to promote dimensional recovery andpromote bonding with the etched liner tube 88 and/or the electrode 62,64 or 82, 84, 86. Once the reflow process is completed, the temporaryFEP heat shrinkable tubing may then be removed.

Following the application of the outer covering 90, a portion of theouter covering 90 adjacent each electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86 can beremoved to expose the conductive electrode surface 92. In an embodiment,the polymeric outer cover material can be removed through, for example,a laser ablation process. The removal of at least a portion of the outercovering 90 can allow for the exposed conductive electrode surface 92 tobe in a preferred location and/or face in a preferred direction. Forexample, the exposed conductive electrode surface 92 can be locatedopposite to the portion of the electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86 that isconnected to electrical pad 74 of electrical traces 70 a, 70 b, 70 c, 70d. Accordingly, the exposed conductive electrode surface 92 may face ina direction that is opposite to the direction that the electrical pad 74faces. In an embodiment, the exposed conductive electrode surface 92 mayface away from tissue within a human body 14 (e.g., heart or cardiactissue 12) when the catheter electrode assembly is located within ahuman body 14. The use of a ring electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86 with anexposed conductive electrode surface 92 may increase the availablesurface area of each electrode. An exemplary exposed electrode surfacearea can be roughly 1 mm²; however, smaller or larger areas can beexposed as dictated by the nature of the catheter and by the electrode'sintended application. In other embodiments, the exposed conductiveelectrode surface 92 can be created by preventing the outer covering 90from bonding to at least a portion of electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86.

In an embodiment, a structural support member 94 and/or one or moreradio opaque marker(s) 96 can be included within at least a portion ofthe liner tube 88. A structural support member 94 may provide axialsupport for the catheter (i.e., can be substantially resistant tocompression), while promoting or allowing the catheter to deform awayfrom the longitudinal axis (i.e., bend). In an embodiment, as shown inFIG. 3, the structural support member 94 can be a rectangular elementcomprised of a material such as NiTi (Nitinol), which exhibits anability to accommodate large strains without plastically deforming. Inanother embodiment, the structural support member can be a more complex“spine,” such as described, for example, in co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/615,016, entitled “Device for Reducing AxialShortening of Catheter or Sheath Due to Repeated Deflection,” which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, one ormore radio opaque marker(s) 96 can be included within the catheter toallow the catheter to be readily visible using fluoroscopy or otherelectromagnetic viewing systems.

The catheter electrode assembly described above with respect to FIGS.2-5 can be employed to fabricate any number of types of catheters;however, the use of the flexible circuit technology may be specificallybeneficial when constructing certain micro-catheters, such as those witha diameter of 2-3 French gauge (i.e., 0.67 mm-1.0 mm diameter).

In an embodiment, the catheter electrode assembly can be used toconstruct a plurality of splines for a non-contact electrode basket.FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a non-contactelectrode basket catheter 100 which can be implemented with the cathetersystem 10 in FIG. 1. FIG. 6 generally illustrates the basket portion ofthe catheter in a collapsed configuration, and FIG. 7 generallyillustrates the basket portion of the catheter in an expandedconfiguration. In these figures, an exemplary basket catheter 110 isshown that may include an outer tubing 112. Outer tubing 112 houses adeployment member 114 and a plurality of splines 116. An inflatableballoon or other expandable structure can be used to promote stableexpansion of the basket.

In an embodiment, each spline 116 can be connected at its proximal endto the outer tubing 112, and connected at its distal, or opposite end,to the deployment member 114. The deployment member 114 is operable tobe moved in a first direction (e.g., in the direction of arrow 118)relative to the outer tubing 112 to expand the splines 116 to a deployedposition, as shown in FIG. 7. The deployment member 114 is also operableto be moved in a second direction (e.g., in the direction of arrow 120in FIG. 7) relative to the outer tubing 112 to collapse the splines 116to an undeployed position, as shown in FIG. 6. The deployment member 114may comprise a hollow tubing and/or a pull wire in embodiments of theinvention. The deployment member 114 can be sufficiently rigid such thatthe deployment member 114 can be operated remotely (e.g., outside of thepatient's body) to be moved in the directions illustrated by arrows 118,120 in FIGS. 6-7 to expand and contracts the splines 116. The deploymentmember 114 may comprise solid stainless steel or Nitinol for example.

Each spline 116 may comprise a catheter electrode assembly as generallyillustrated in FIGS. 2-3 or FIGS. 4-5 and described herein. As describedherein, each spline 116 may comprise at least a flexible circuit 68 or80 coupled with at least one electrode 62, 64 or 82, 84, 86. Each spline116 may further comprise a structural support member 94. In accordancewith an embodiment, the structural support member 94 of each spline 116may comprise an individual element that can be separately connected tothe outer tubing 112 and the deployment member 114. In accordance withother embodiments, the structural support members 94 of the individualsplines 116 can be bonded together at one or both ends of the structuralsupport members 94 prior to connection to the outer tubing 112 and thedeployment member 114. In accordance with other embodiments, thestructural support members 94 of each of the splines 116 can be formedfrom a common structure and can be separated into the individualstructural support member 94 of each of the splines 116 while thestructural support members 94 continue to share a common structure. Forexample, as generally illustrated in FIG. 8, the structural supportmember 94 of each spline 116 can be formed from a common ring 122. Thecommon ring 122 can be separated into a plurality of protrusions (e.g.,protrusions 124) extending from the common ring 122. The protrusions 124from the common ring 122 may each act as the structural support member94 generally illustrated in FIG. 3 for each spline 116. In anembodiment, the common ring 122 can be laser cut into a plurality ofprotrusions 124. Methods other than laser cutting may also be used toseparate the common ring 122 into a plurality of protrusions 124 inother embodiments of the invention. The common ring 122 can be connectedto the outer tubing 112 and/or the deployment member 114. The commonring 122 and the protrusions 124 can be made from Nitinol or othersimilarly elastic material, and may be configured for bending away froma longitudinal axis of the catheter.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram representing an exemplary method ofconstructing a catheter electrode assembly. In an embodiment ofconstructing the catheter electrode assembly, a mandrel can be provided.The mandrel may have a desired radial cross-sectional shape in view ofthe catheter electrode assembly to be made and may have a desired lengthin view of the catheter electrode assembly to be made. Duringconstruction, a liner tube 88 can be placed over the temporary,appropriately shaped mandrel. Once installed on the mandrel, the linertube 88 can be secured, for example, by knotting one or both ends. In anembodiment, at least one electrode 62 is connected to a flexible circuit68 in Step 150. The electrode 62 can be connected to the flexiblecircuit 68 through means such as, for example, crimping, laser welding,ultrasonic welding, or cold soldering. The flexible circuit 68 and theelectrode 62 can be placed over the liner tube 88, and the temporary,appropriately shaped mandrel, in Step 152. Accordingly, the liner tube88 and the temporary, appropriately shaped mandrel can be positionedwithin at least a portion of the electrode and can be positioned alongthe longitudinal axis of the flexible circuit. In an embodiment, theflexible circuit 68 and the electrode 62 can be placed over the linertube 88 after the electrode 62 is connected to the flexible circuit 68.In an alternative embodiment, the flexible circuit 68 can be placed overthe liner tube 88 before the electrode 62 is connected to the flexiblecircuit. The connection of the electrode 62 to the flexible circuit 68may serve to hold the liner tube 88 in place.

Once the flexible circuit 68, electrode 62, and liner tube 88 are inplace, in Step 154, an outer covering 90 can be placed over at least aportion of the electrode 62, at least a portion of the flexible circuit68, and at least a portion of the liner tube 88 as formed. The outercovering 90 can comprise either a single section or alternativelymultiple sections of tubing that are either butted together oroverlapped with each other. The outer covering 90 may comprise anynumber of materials and can be any length and/or hardness (durometer)allowing for flexibility of design, as known in the art. At least aportion of the outer covering 90 may then be bonded to at least aportion of the liner tube 88 in Step 156. The process of bonding can beachieved by heat-shrinking or reflowing the outer covering 90 to theelectrode 62, flexible circuit 68, and/or liner tube 88. For example,the process of bonding can be achieved by using a thin walled, multiplelayer, heat shrinkable tubing for outer covering 90 can be heated torecover its shape. For another example, the process of bonding can beachieved by using a polymeric dispersion coating for outer covering 90can be applied through a dip coating process. For a third example, theassembly thus formed (i.e., the flexible circuit 68, electrode 62, andliner tube 88) can be subjected to a reflow lamination process, whichinvolves heating the assembly until the outer covering 90 flows andredistributes around the circumference. The formed catheter electrodeassembly may then be cooled and the distal and proximal end portions ofthe catheter electrode assembly may then be finished in a desiredfashion. In an embodiment, the outer surface of the liner tube 88 can beetched to promote bonding with the outer covering 90. Finally, in Step158, at least a portion

Although several embodiments of this invention have been described abovewith a certain degree of particularity, those skilled in the art couldmake numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departingfrom the scope of this invention. Joinder references (e.g., attached,coupled, connected, and the like) are to be construed broadly and mayinclude intermediate members between a connection of elements andrelative movement between elements. As such, joinder references do notnecessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixedrelation to each other. It is intended that all matter contained in theabove description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall beinterpreted as illustrative only and not as limiting. Changes in detailor structure can be made without departing from the invention as definedin the appended claims.

1.-23. (canceled)
 24. A basket catheter comprising an outer tubingdefining a longitudinal axis and a plurality of splines, at least one ofthe plurality of splines comprising: a flexible circuit including aplurality of electrical traces and a substrate; and an electrodeelectrically coupled with at least one of the plurality of electricaltraces; wherein at least one of the electrical traces is configured todeliver ablative energy to the electrode.
 25. The basket catheter ofclaim 24, wherein each of the plurality of electrical traces has athickness, and wherein the thickness is dependent on a function of theelectrical trace.
 26. The basket catheter of claim 25, wherein thethickness of the at least one electrical trace configured to deliverablative energy is greater than the thickness of an electrical traceconfigured to deliver a sensory signal.
 27. The basket catheter of claim24, wherein the flexible substrate is configured to expand into aspherical shape.
 28. The basket catheter of claim 24, wherein at leastone of the plurality of splines further comprises a support member,wherein the support member comprises a Nitinol material incorporatedtherein.
 29. The basket catheter of claim 28, wherein the support memberis electrically isolated from the electrode.
 30. The basket catheter ofclaim 28, wherein the support member comprises a protrusion extendingfrom a common structure.
 31. The basket catheter of claim 24, furthercomprising a biocompatible outer covering extending over at least aportion of the electrode.
 32. The basket catheter of claim 31, wherein aportion of the outer covering is removed to expose at least a portion ofthe electrode.
 33. The basket catheter of claim 31, further comprising aliner tube disposed within at least a portion of the electrode.
 34. Thebasket catheter of claim 33, wherein the outer covering is bonded to atleast a portion of the liner tube.
 35. The basket catheter of claim 24,further comprising at least one radio-opaque marker disposed within atleast a portion of the electrode.
 36. The basket catheter of claim 24,wherein a portion of the spline is configured to deflect away from thelongitudinal axis of the outer tubing when a deployment member isactuated.
 37. The basket catheter of claim 24, wherein the electrodecomprises a ring electrode.
 38. The basket catheter of claim 24, whereinthe substrate of the flexible circuit comprises polyimide,polyetheretherketone, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate material, ora combination thereof.
 39. The basket catheter of claim 24, wherein theelectrode is electrically coupled with at least one of the plurality ofelectrical traces through an electrical pad.
 40. The basket catheter ofclaim 24, further comprising at least one positioning electrode, whereinthe at least one positioning electrode is configured to provide a signalindicative of both a position and orientation of at least a portion ofthe catheter by sensing an impedance.
 41. The basket catheter of claim24, further comprising at least one positioning electrode, wherein theat least one positioning electrode is configured to provide a signalindicative of both a position and orientation of at least a portion ofthe catheter by sensing a strength of a magnetic field.
 42. The basketcatheter of claim 24, further comprising a plurality of positioningelectrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of positioningelectrodes is configured to provide a signal indicative of both aposition and orientation of at least a portion of the catheter bysensing an impedance and wherein at least one of the plurality ofpositioning electrodes is configured to provide a signal indicative ofboth a position and orientation of at least a portion of the catheter bysensing a strength of a magnetic field.